cynipid-gall-morphology

Extreme acidity in a cynipid gall: a potential new defensive strategy against natural enemies
The tissues of the translucent oak gall have a pH between 2 and 3, making it among the lowest pH levels found in plant tissues. We suggest this may be a new defense mechanism against the galler’s enemies.
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Extreme acidity in a cynipid gall: a potential new defensive strategy against natural enemies
Oak galls exhibit ant dispersal convergent with myrmecochorous seeds
Ants disperse oak galls of some cynipid wasp species similarly to how they disperse seeds with elaiosomes.
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Oak galls exhibit ant dispersal convergent with myrmecochorous seeds